1. Uchida, S., et al., "Condensed Tannins Scavenge
Active Free Radicals," Med Sci Res, 15:83 1-2, 1987.
2. White, D., International Symposium on Pycnogenol,
Bordeaux, France, October 1990.
3. Cody, V., Middleton, E., and Harborne, J. B. (eds.), Plant
Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine: Biochemical, Pharmacological and
Structure-Activity Relationships, New York, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1986.
4. Gabor, Miklos, and Gabor, Rzaga, "Pycnogenol
Inhibits Inflammation in a Dose-Dependent Manner," Acta Physiol Hung,
77:197-207, 1991.
5. Kandaswami. C., and Middleton, E., Jr., "Free
Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine: A Systems Approach to Laboratory
Technology," in Clinical Correlations in Antioxidantherapy, D.
Armstrong, ed.. New York, Plenum Press
(in preparation),
6. Harbome, J. B., Plant Flavonoids in Biology and
Medicine: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Structure-Activity Relationships,
V. Cody, E. Middleton, and J. B. Harborne, eds., New York, Alan R. Liss, Inc.,
1986.
7. Maunier, M. T., Duroux, E., and Bastide, P., "Free
Radical Scavenger Superoxide Anion and Lipid Peroxidation," Plant Med
Phytother, 4:267-74, 1989.
8. Schmidtke, I., and Schoop, W., "Das Hydrostatische
Odem and Seine Medikamentose Becinflussung.Schveizerische Gesellschaft fur
Phebologie," Jahrestagung, 1984, "Die Objektivierung der Wirkung von
Venepharmaka," Lenzerheide, Jan. 19/21, 1984.
9. Taxier, J. M., et al., "Evidence by in Vivo and in
Vitro Studies that Binding of Pycnogenol to Elastin Affects Its Rate of
Degradation by elastases," Biochcm Pharmacol, 33:3933-9, 1984.
10. Kuttan, R., Donnelly, Patricia V., and DiFerrante, N.,
"Collagen Treated with Catechin Becomes Resistant to the Action of
Mammalian Collagenase," Experientia, 37:221, 1981.
11. Kakegawa, Hisao, et al., "Inhibitory Effects of
Tannins on HY31uronidase Activation and on the Degranulation from Rat Mesentery
Mast Cells," Chem Pharm Bull, 33:5079-82, 1985.
12. Arstila, Antli Holevi, and Guochang, Zhao, Personal
Communications and the Doctoral Thesis of Zhao Guochang, Universitv of
Jyvaeskvlae, Finland, 1993,
13. Keunzig, W., et al., "Caffeic and Ferulic Acid As
Blockers of Nitrosamine Formation," Carcinogenesis, 53:309 13, 1984.
14. Suguira, M., et al., "Inhibitory Activities and
Inhibition Specificities of Caffeic Acid Derivatives and Related Compounds
Toward 5-Lipoxygenase," Chem Pharm Bull, 37:1039-43, 1989,
15. Esterbauer, Hermann, et al., "The Role of Vitamin
E and Carotenoids in Preventing Oxidation of Low-Density Lipoproteins," in
Vitamin Biochemistry and Health Implications, A. Diplock, et al., eds., Ann
NY Academy of Science, 254-67, 1989.
Cardiovascular-Related
Studies:
1. Meunier, Marie-Therese, Villie, Francoise, et al. "Inhibition of
Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme by Flavanolic Compounds: in Vitro and in Vivo
Studies." Planta Medica, May 26, 1986. pp. 12-15.
2. Barbier, A. Maffrand J.P. Savi P. Unkovic J. Vilain P. "Activite
Angioprotectrice Des Oligomeres Procyanidolques Chez l'Animal - Oedenme De La
Patte" Sanofi Research Toulouse Cedex France pp. 31-40.
3. Barbier, A. Maffrand J.P. Savi P. Unkovic J. Vilain P. "Activite
Angioprotectrice Des Oligomeres Procyanidolques Chez l'Animal - Activite
Aniagoniste Vis-a-Vis Des Mediateurs De l'Inflamation" Sanofi Research
Toulouse Cedex France pp. 31-40.
4. Barbier, A. Maffrand J.P. Savi P. Unkovic J. Vilain P. "Activite
Angioprotectrice Des Oligomeres Procyanidolques Chez l'Animal - Erytheme Aux
Ultraviolets (UV) Sanofi Research Toulouse Cedex France pp. 31-40.
5. Barbier, A. Maffrand J.P. Savi P. Unkovic J. Vilain P. "Activite
Angioprotectrice Des Oligomeres Procyanidolques Chez l'Animal - Fragilite
Capillaire" Sanofi Research Toulouse Cedex France pp. 31-40.
6. Barbier, A. Maffrand J.P. Savi P. Unkovic J. Vilain P. "Activite
Angioprotectrice Des Oligomeres Procyanidolques Chez l'Animal - Permeabilite
Capillaire" Sanofi Research Toulouse Cedex France pp. 31-40.
7. Dubos, C. Durst, G. Hugonot, H. "Evolution de la Resistance Capillaire,
Spontanement ou Artificiellement Diminuee par l'Action d'Une Substance
Capillaro-Toxique Chez des Personnes Agees--Action Benefique d'un Agnet Actif
sur la Micro-Circulation: l'Endotelon." Inform. Therapeut. 1980. pp.
302-305.
8. Dartenuc, J.Y. Marache, P. Choussat, H. "Resistance Capillaire en
Geriatrie Etude d'un Microangioprotecteur-Endotelon."Bordeaux Med.
(13), 1990. pp. 903-7.
9. Lagrue, G. Olivier-Martin, F. Grillot, A. "Etude des Effets des
Oligomeres du Procyanidol sur las Resistance Capillaire dand l'Hypertension
Arterielle et Certaines Nephropathies." Sen. Hosp. Paris 18-25
Septembre, 1981.
10. Beylot, C. Bioulac P. "Essai Therapeutique d'un Angioprotecteur
Peripherique, l'Endotelon." Actualite Therapeutique Gaz. Med. de France
(87)22. 1980. pp. 2919-24.
11. Lesbre, F.X. Tigaud, J.D. "Effet de l'Endotelon sur l'Indice de
Fragilite Capillaire dan une Population Specifique: les Sujets Cirrhotiques."
Gaz. Med. de France (90)24 1983.
12. Sarrat, L. "Abord Therapeutique des Troubles Fonctionnels des Membres
Inferieurs par un Microangioprotecteur l'Endotelon.' Bordeaux Med. (11)
1981. pp. 685-8.
13. Delacroix, P. "Etude en Double Aveugle de l'Endotelon dans
l'Insuffisance Veineuse Chronique." Therapeutique, la Revue de Medicine
(27-28) Sept. 1981. pp. 1793-1802.
14. Thebaut, J.F, Thebaut, P. Vin, F. "Etude de l'Endotelon dand les
Manifestations Fonctionnelles de l'Insuffisance Veineuse Peripherique-Resultats
d'une Etude en Double Aveugle Portant sur 92 Patients." Gazette Medicale
(92)1, 1985. pp. 96-100.
15. Wegrowski, J. Robert, A.M. Maczar, M. "The Effect of Procyanidolic
Oligomers on the Composition of Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit
Aortas." Biochem. Pharmacol. (33)21. 1984. pp. 3491-3497.
16. Masquelier, Jack "Pycnogenols: Recent Advances in the Therapeutical
Activiy of Procyanidins." Supplement of Planta Medica, Journal of
Medicinal Plant Research and Journal of Natural Products July 1980 pp.
243-256.
17. Henning, Bernhard & Chow Ching K. "Lipid Peroxidation and
Endothelial Cell Injury: Implications in Atherosclerosis" Free Rad.
Path. & Med. (4)1988 pp. 99-106.
18. Masquelier, J. "Les Procyanidols du Vin Leur Role Dans l'Alcoolisme."
pp. 88-93.
19. Gazave, J.M. "Notions Recentes sur les Capillaires" unpublished
bulletin from the Laboratoire De Physiologie Patholigie pp. 26-29.
Circulatory-Related Studies:
Studies 1,5,6,11,12,13,14,15,16 cited above and,
20. Blazso, G. Gabor, M. "Oedema-Inhibiting Effect of Procyanidin."
Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Tomus 56(2) pp.
235-240 (1980).
21. Tayau, M.F LeFevre, G. "Action du Leucocyanidol sur l'Hyalaluronidase."
Bull. Soc. Pharm. Bordeaux. 1956 (95) pp. 132-136.
22. Lamy M. "Utilization Des Oligomeres Procyanidoliques En Gynecologie."
Essai Therapeutique Tomel (14) September 2,1981. pp. 1021-22.
23. Henriet, J.P "Une Etude Exemplaire Pour Un Phlebotrope: l'etude EIVE.'
Unpublished, pp. 77-83.
24. Tixier, J.M., Godeau, G. Robert A.M., and Hornebeck "Evidence by in
Vivo and in Vitro Studies That Binding of Pycnogenols to Elastin Affects its
Rate of Degradation by Elastases." Laboratoire de Biochimie du Tissu
Conjonctif, Faculte de Medecine, University of Paris, 25 June, 1984.
25. Pfister, A. Simon, M.T. Gazave, J.M. "Sites De Fixation Des Oligomeres
Procyanidoliques Dans La Paroi Des Capillaires Sanguins du Poumon Decobaye."
Acta Therapeutica (8) 1982. pp. 223-237.
26. Masquelier, J., Dumon M.C., Dumas, J. "Stabilization du Collagene Par
Les Oligomeres Procyanidoliques." Acta Therapeutica (7) 1981. pp.
101-105.
27. Kuttan, R., Donnelly P., Di Ferrante, N. "Collagen Treated with (+) -Catechin
Becomes Resistant to the Action of Mammalian Collagenase." Laboratory of
Connective Tissue Research, Dept. of Biochem. Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston TX. 28, May, 1980.
28. Gendre Phillippe, Laparra Jean, Barraud Elian. "Effet Protecteur des
Oligomeres Procyanidoliques sur le Lathyrisme Experimental Chez le Rat." Ann.
Pharm. Francaises. (43)1, 1985 pp. 61-73.
29. Masquelier, Jacques "Aspects Pharmacologiques Nouveaux de Certains
Flavonoides." A Vie Medicale. December, 1969.
30. Laparra. J. Michaud, J. Lesca, M.F. Blanquet, P. Masquelier, J. "Etude
Pharmaco-cinetique des Oligomers Procyandoliques Totaux du Raisin." Acta
Therapeutica 4 (1978).
Skin-Related Studies:
Studies 24,25,26,27 cited above and,
31. Harmand, M.F. Blanquet, P. "The Fate of Total Flavanolic Oligomers
(OFT) Extracted from 'Vitus vinifera L.' in the Rat" European Journal of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmaccokinetics. 1978, No. 1 pp. 15-30.
32. Delrieu, P., Ding J., Escande, B., Samain, D. "Free-radical Scavenging
Activity of Proanthocyanidolic Oligomers Encapsulated in Glycospheres: an in
Vivo and in Vitro Study." Cosmetology Department a & S Biovectors,
Ramonville St. Agne France. pp. 1-9.
Leg-Related Studies:
Studies 11,12,13,14,15,22,23 cited above.
Eye-Related Studies:
33. Verin, M.M. Vildy, A. Maurin, J.F. 'Retinopathies rt O.P.C." Bordeaux
Medicale, (16)11. 1978. pp. 1467-74.
34. Corbe, C. Boissin, J.P. Siou, A. "Sens Lumineux et Circulation
Chorioretinienne-Etude de l'Effet des O.P.C." (Endotelon). Jn. Fr.
Opthalmol. (11)5, 1988 453-460.
Sports-Related Studies:
Studies 21,24 cited above and,
35. Laparra, J., Michaud, J. Masquelier, J. "Action des Oligomeres
Procyanidoliques sur le Cobaye Carence en Vitamin C." Tavaux Originaux,
University of Bordeaux, 1976.
36. Masquelier, J. "Action Comparee de Divers Facteurs Vitaminiques P sur
l'Oxydation de l'Acide Ascorbique par les Ions Cuivriques." Bull. de la
Societe de Chimie Biologique XXXIII (3-4) 1951. pp. 302-304.
37. Masquelier, J. "Action Comparee de Divers Facteurs Vitaminiques P sur
l'Acide Ascorbique-Oxydase." Bull. de la Societe de Chimie Biologique
XXXIII (3,4) 1951. pp.304-306
38. Kakegawa, H. Matsumoto, H. Endo, K. Satoh, T. Nonaka, G. Mishioka, I.
"Inhibitory Effects of Tannins on Hyaluronidase Activation and on the
Degranulation from Rat Mesentery Mast Cells." Chem. Pharm. Bull.
33(11)1985. 5079-5082.
39. Reiman, H.J., Lorenz, M. Fischer, R. Frolich, H. Meyer, J. "Histamine
and Acute Haemorrhagic Lesions in Rat Gastric Mucosa: Prevention of Stress Ulcer
Formulation by (+)-Catechin, an Inhibitor of Specific Histidine Decarboxylase in
Vitro." Dirkhauser Verlag Vol. 7/1, 1977.
40. Pariente, J.J. Parientl-Amsellem, J. "Les Oedemes Post-Traumatoqies
Chez le Sportif: Essai Controle de l'Endothelon." Actualite
Therapeutique 90(3) 2/11 1983 pp. 231-235.
41. Masquelier, J., Michaud, J., Laparra J., Dumon, M.C. "Flavonoids et
Pycnogenols" International Journal of Vitamin Nutrition Research
(49)3;1979 pp. 307-311.
Anti-Aging & General Antioxidant-Related Studies:
Studies 26,29,30,31,36,37,39,41 cited above and,
42. Laparra, J. Michaud, J. Masquelier, J. "Etude Pharmacocinetique des
Oligomeres Flavonoliques" Plantes Medicinales et Phytotherapie, 1977
Tome XI, pp. 133-142.
43. Robert A.M.; Groult, N.; Six, C.; Robert, L. "Etude de l'Action des
Oligomeres Procyanidoliques sur des Cellules Mesenchymateuses en Culture. II
l'Attachment des Fibres Elastiques aux Cellules." (Study of the effect of
procyanidolic oligomers on mesenchymal cells in culture. II Attachment of
elastic fibers to the cells) Pat. Biol. 1990, (30)6, pp. 601-607.
44. Porter, Lawrence J., Wong Rosalind Y. Chan, Bock G. "The Molecular and
Crystal Structure of (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-trans-Leucocyanidin [(2R,3S,+R)-(+)-3,3',
4.4', 5.7'-Hexahydroxyflavan] Dihydrate, and Comparison of its Heterocyclic Ring
Conformation in Solution and the Solid State." Journal of the Chemical
Society; Perkin Transactions I 1985. pp. 1413-17.
45. Masquelier, Jacques "Proanthocyanidins et Radicaux Libres."
"Radical Scavenger Effect (R.S.E.) of Proanthocyanidins." 1985.
46. Uchida, Shinji et al. "Condensed Tannins Scavenge Active Oxygen Free
Radicals." Med. Sci. Res. (15) 1987. pp. 831-832.
47. Ariga, Toshiaki "Radical Scavenging Action and its Mode in Procyanidins
B-1 and B-3 from Azuki Beans to Peroxyl Radicals." Agric. Biol. Chem.
54(10) 1990. pp. 2499-2504.
48. Da Silva, Ricardo et. al. "Radical Scavenger Capacity of Different
Procyanidins from Grape Seeds." Presented at a symposium "Free
Radicals in Biotechnology and Medicine." Royal Society of Chemistry,
London January 1990, pp. 79-80.
49. Bauman, Joachim Wurm, Gotthard Bruchhausen, Franz 'Hemmung der
Prostagladinsynthetase durch Flavonoide und Phenolderivate im Vergleich nit
deren 02 Radikalfangereigenschaften" Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) 313
(1980) pp. 330-337.
Proven Safety
Studies:
50. Yu, C. L. and Swaminathan, B., "Mutagenicity of
proanthocyanidins." Food Chem. Toxicol. 25(2):135-9 (1987).
51. Pantaleoni, G.C., Quaglino, D. Univerisity of Aquila
Pharmacol-Toxicologica Report (1971).
52. Laparra, J., et al., Acta Therapeutica 4:233 (1978).
53. Volkner, Wolfgang and Muller, Ewald, Micronucleus assay in bone marrow cells
of the mouse with Pycnogenol. Cytotest Cell Research GmbH & Co.,
projects 143010 & 143021 (Feb. 1989).
54. Acute and chronic toxicity tests. International Bio-Research, Inc., Hanover,
Germany (1967-1971).
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